Towards a new landscape aesthetic

“With this stone and this grass, with this red earth, this place was received and made and remade. Its generations are distinct but all suddenly present.” Raymond Williams

"In the pastoral landscape of Three Choirs England, a clergyman's son, in his last days at school, has his idealistic value-system and the precious tokens of his self-image all broken away - his parentage, his nationality, his sexuality, his conventional patriotism and faith...

Below the slopes of the Malvern Hills, he has encounters with an angel, and with a demon, with the ghost of Elgar, the crucified Jesus, and with Penda, England's last pagan king. In the final image, he turns away from his idealised landscape, to go into a world and adulthood with a value-system more anarchistic now, and readier to integrate the contradictions of experience."

"It is clear that inherited landscape myths and memories share two common characteristics: their surprising endurance through the centuries and their power to shape institutions that we still live with."Simon Shama 

Of course, many of the dynamic processes that lead to flux and change in society and the landscape are far removed from the influence or ken of policy-makers and legislators. Economic forces, shifts in attitude and taste and a host of other factors and individual or collective decisions will shape the countryside and urban spaces that we inhabit, how we use and think about them, in the future as much as government policy. However, as we appear to be entering a period of political uncertainty in Britain as elsewhere, with support for and confidence in traditional political parties and institutions retreating like the tide from a beach, it is worth contemplating the relevance of the so-called 'Green surge'. One can speculate on whether the progressive environmental agenda of the Green Party is going to get a look in amongst the cacophony of the conventional, the unambitious and the reactionary emitting from the wider political spectrum. But quietly, incrementally there are stirrings below the 'Westminster village' radar that are part of the mosaic described here: a reaction against the corporate and the bland, grassroots activity that builds on the best from the past and the now, moulding it into something fresh and forward-looking; radical spirit abroad in the landscape once more. Practical (and political) innovations abound: the Transition Town movement, new coalitions of environmental groups such as New Networks for Nature, local community action to take control of pubs, shops and post offices, the anti-fracking campaign, a revival in community food growing and permaculture schemes, guerrilla gardening and the rewilding movement. The types of activities, in fact, that are advocated in Real England: The Battle Against the Bland, Paul Kingsnorth's 2008 rallying cry for "... a future in which England wakes up again and steps back from the precipice ... a future in which the many wonderful things I have seen are not wiped out but are preserved, promoted and enriched as part of a living landscape". 

If the momentum of these examples of the radical ordinary is to be harnessed then buzz words such as 'place-making' and 'localism' that have entered the lexicon of official-speak need to be backed-up by credible actions. Now that the genie of devolution is well and truly out of the bottle - to an advanced stage in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and a creeping scourge of broken political elites in England - then it is not just Nigel Farage and his John Bull UKippers who have an opportunity to force the agenda.

Less obviously eco-political, but I think still linked, is the trend towards re-imagined outdoor leisure. Rejecting static caravan and Caravan and Camping Club sites - with their joyless amenities, suburbanised trimmed lawns and crazy golf - the upward curve is with wild camping, old-school camper vans, festivals, camp fires and sites that cater for those seeking a simpler engagement with the natural environment (with, it has to be said, a hint of Nuts in May liberal middle class wankiness: take it away Keith and Candice Marie). Allied to renewed enthusiasm for 'proper camping' are a host of other activities such as wild swimming, gorge-walking, foraging, micro-adventures. Some might sneer at the whiff of lifestyle marketing attached to the likes of Cool Camping, but I think there is more afoot here than 'staycation' and glamping Sunday supplement flavour of the month. 

"Take me back to beautiful England/ And the grey, damp filthiness of ages/ Fog rolling down behind the mountains/ And on the graveyards, and dead sea-captains." Polly Harvey

How much does a coalescing of the landscape aesthetics discussed here really inform the developments just described? Can we justifiably point to a paradigm shift in landscape perception? An awakening to a common treasury? Perhaps, but many things are entangled here and it is, of course, hard to see the wood for the trees when navigating the present. If its not possible, at this point in time anyway, to mould a case for a manifesto that is or can be meaningful in terms of shaping the management of landscape or popular perceptions of it, it may be that the lasting impact of what is described here is at an altogether smaller scale; a focus on the small heart of things, to borrow the title from Julian Hoffman's book.

Look around and there are many contemporary examples of this composite way of seeing, of being in, landscape. Some are broad church, some have overtly socio-political agenda's, others are perhaps more frivolous. Trace the connecting threads weaving past and present, sometimes strong and clear, sometimes gossamer thin and shadowy, and we may just be on to something here. Of course, any such loose assemblage needs a locus of key texts, advocates and practitioners to articulate a coherent voice. To many the magnus opus for contemporary emerging landscape philosophising is W.G. Sebald's The Rings of Saturn, published in 1995. Here we have a ground-breaking narrative of a long walk along the East Anglian coast that becomes a portal for evocations of and meditations on an array of times, places and people. A work that sprinkles magic dust on even the most prosaic of scenes. See that line of fishermen's tents along the beach near Lowestoft? "It is as if the last stragglers of some nomadic people had settled there, at the outermost limit of the earth, in expectation of the miracle longed for since time immemorial, the miracle which would justify all their erstwhile privations and wanderings." Wow, now that feels deep. Did Werner Herzog and Sebald ever get together before his untimely death? They are surely two peas in a Teutonic pod.  

The roll-call of other writers, poets, artists, musicians, film-makers, campaigners and, dare I say it, bloggers and social media contributors who inhabit this space is, like The Orb song, a huge ever growing pulsating thing. I would cite those described in the following paragraphs as particularly important waymarkers for me in journeying towards landscape epiphanies (an on-going perambulation). They articulate, in the words of Peter Ackroyd's examination of the roots of English cultural history, Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination, "a recognition of the landscape as an organic being with its own laws of growth and change".

The shadow of Iain Sinclair - "the writer as walker par excellence" - and his resurrection of the 'Cockney visionary' spirit of Blake and Defoe, edges its way across the picture here. Of course, this treatise would be remiss indeed if it did not venture, or rather drift, into psychogeographical domains. In recent years the term ‘deep topography’ has been coined to describe the writing and research of landscapists such as Nick Papadimitrou; a nuanced off-shoot of the more high profile landscape leftfieldism of psychogeography: a word and practice in danger of becoming an overloaded band-wagon of fecundity. Essentially, we are in the territory of metaphysical exploration of the intersection between landscape, human activity (historical and modern), psychological reaction and the natural world; more specifically liminal spaces, often in an urban or edgeland context away from the familiar and the well-trod. And we are on foot, rooting out the places that are overlooked, neglected or invisible to the casual eye.

With origins in the derive of the Dadists and Situationists of mid-twentieth century Paris, psychogeography has generally remained resolutely urban in focus; in some ways almost anti-rural, certainly uninterested in the conventionally sublime or aesthetically pleasing aspects of the countryside (though, as Edward Chell so inventively and perceptively shows us in his Soft Estate book and exhibition, there is a "connective visual experience" between the Picturesque designed landscapes of the eighteenth century and much modern infrastructure). Such an approach can be prey to easy caricature as the haunt of earnest devotees seeking out and eulogising the most desolate and God-forsaken parts of London and the capital's outermost extremities. In reality, and stripping away the chaff, there is much to admire in a fresh way to read and interpret geographical space and bring together normally disparate subject matter. But there has tended to be only tentative interaction with the more orthodox disciplines of landscape ecology, history, archaeology etc. The question arises: is not any spatial entity just as equally ripe for psychogeographical enquiry? To bring this approach into the fold of this thesis there is a need for indiscriminate practise of deep topography, wherever the path may lead. An exemplar that sets a template to follow would be The New English Landscape, Ken Worpole and Jason Orton's 2013 exploration of the “bastard countryside” of the estuary indented, marsh rich and semi-industrial Essex coastline – a liminal wonderland at once on the doorstep of, but also estranged from, the Great Wen of London.

Seemingly more orthodox but coaxial to such modish cultural geography is nature writing; moribund not so long ago but in the midst of an on-going new golden age. A bridge and direct link between both the urban experience and an earlier generation of environmental writers is provided by the late flowering of output from Richard Mabey. Since Mabey first published his, at the time, groundbreaking The Unofficial Countryside in 1973 many of the scruffy, neglected and wild enclaves of the natural and semi-natural in urban areas and edgelands have been transformed - for good or ill. The flowering of 'new nature' writing in recent years has included a vigorous and tenacious off-shoot focusing on such places. The prime example being Edgelands: Journeys into England's True Wilderness by Paul Farley and Michael Symmons Roberts, an updated tramp across the territory covered by Mabey, taking its lead from Marion Shoard's influential 1992 essay, Edgelands.
  
As well as a biography of Gilbert White (eighteenth century "parson-naturalist" and author of the Ur-text of British natural history writing, Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne) Mabey's prolific output has included books such as Food For Free and Weeds which presage or advocate the practical yet intimate and respectful interaction with the natural world that is at the core of much of the best of modern ecology and natural history prose. My own favourite Mabey work is though Nature Cure, his inspirational treatise on the positive impact of the natural world and sense of place on the human condition. In musing on his struggle to re-energise his relationship with landscape and the natural world in order to fight of depression, Mabey reaches a watershed moment: 

"I began to wonder - I hope not just rationalising my own naivety – if wilderness was really what I wanted, or should want … what I missed was some common ground between the wilderness and the thoroughly domesticated, some accessible country – real and metaphysical … I realised that what touched me most was not wilderness as a special, defined place, but the quality of wildness…the untidy, energising edge of all living systems."

It is a measure of the current strength of this genre that there are a number of authors who are able to match Mabey's high quality output. I have become something of a biblio-junky for this type of thing in recent years and curate book shelves heaving with tomes by Robert Macfarlane, Roger Deakin (Wild Wood: A Journey Through Trees is a particular favourite), Mark Cocker, Tim Dee ... But wait, these are all white males, as have been the vast majority of names included in this piece so far. The subjects of landscape, sense of place and nature are hardly unique in this respect but it is worth pausing for thought here. In fact and of course, there are, and have always been, many fine female writers in this field. The above list of the books on my shelf would have gone on to include Rebecca Solnit, Kathleen Jamie, Sarah Maitland and others. Nevertheless, it is somewhat dispiriting to realise that voices that are fairly uniform in terms of cultural background and gender still tend to dominate. Melissa Harrison, author of Clay and who I would also add here, has recently written perceptively on this subject, citing not only the struggle that female writers often have to enter this arena, witness the 70 years it took for Nan Shepherd's The Living Mountain to be published and then widely recognised as a landscape classic, but also the different perspectives and approaches that are lost if women writers (and for that matter writers reflecting gay, black, migrant, working class or any other experiences from society at large) are not heard. This point perhaps exemplified by the recent success of Helen MacDonald's H is for Hawk, which deals with the author's relationship with a goshawk in the context of the death of her father. And here we have come full circle, back to Richard Mabey and his candid writing on his own mental health. What I think characterises much of the best of this work is an unforced desire to bring personal experience and memory, and the landscape and the natural world together; to recognise the intertwinedness of everything.    

I have previously written about poetry and the landscape on this blog (an anthology open in the sun), chronicling a vibrant contemporary strain of poetry echoing the outpouring of prose writing on themes of place, the natural world and our relationship with it in recent years. Much of this output feels radical and non-conformist, in the best traditions of the poetry of the past that has weathered well (and, as an aside and for whatever reason, it does seem that female voices are much more well-represented). For instance, new poetry figures large in EarthLines magazine, the journal Terrain and the Dark Mountain network of "writers, artists and thinkers in search of new stories for troubled times". The web and new media have also opened up opportunities for poets to share their work more easily. Collectives such as Longbarrow Press ("poetry from the edgelands") utilise on-line audio channels like SoundCloud to give voice to their output; neat symmetry with the oral traditions of poetry, which is generally best appreciated aloud.

Fiction also appears in this vista. A useful primer to how we have got here is Writing Britain: Wasteland to Wonderland, a book accompanying the 2012 exhibition of the same name at the British Library that examined how the landscapes of Britain permeate great literary works through the ages. One contemporary pathway that's worth exploring, and adds to the canon, is the run of novels such as God's Own Country (2008) by Ross Raisin, The Dig (2014) by Cynan Jones and (my current read) Ben Myers Beastings (2014) that have been compared to the visceral narrations of landscape, of nature that characterise the work of Ted Hughes and Cormac McCarthy. The cadence of the writing, seemingly awkward at first, draws the reader into the landscape, pulls you away from the passive gaze of an outsider. I would also add Paul Kingsnorth's'shadow language'The Wake (2014) to this list. A crowd-funded novel bristling and boiling with imagery and imagination that both brings life to the gloom and shock of late period Anglo-Saxon England and also resonates with more contemporary anxieties; a so-called difficult read that crashed its way into the mainstream through its sheer heft.  

This well-spring of written words may generate much of the vibrancy that pulses through the sense here of a fresh perspective on old stories, but there are other ebbs and flows. The Caught by the River collective, ever-expanding from its nucleus of fishing and musical themes, is a regular contributor to this feeling of vigour. Its anthology, On Nature: Unexpected Ramblings on the British Countryside, seeks to provide "a kaleidoscopic vision of Britain" through multifarious contributions from the likes of Stuart Maconie, Bill Drummond and Tracey Thorn but makes it very clear that engagement with the landscape is not just about writing, "its about watching and listening, digging in, taking part"; a culture for practical aesthetes to thrive in, whether through immersion in deep topographical wanderings or other forms of creativity or activism.   

"Summer has come in/ Loudly sing, Cuckoo!/ The seed grows and the meadow blooms/ And the wood springs anew/ Sing, Cuckoo!" Sumer is Icumen In (Anon.)

"These isles are full of noise" and those working in music and sound provide some of the most interesting and vigorous responses to landscape (a subject also previously essayed here). Sumer Is Icumen In, first recorded in a thirteenth century manuscript, is a song with deep 'folk' origins in the life of the countryside that bridges the ages and musical genres; an example of the fluidity and adaptability of music that speaks universal truths about the relationship between people, the seasons and the natural world. This theme is taken up by Rob Young in his tour de force Electric Eden: Unearthing Britain's Visionary Music, inter-weaving folk music, landscape, culture and more through a sweeping history of "Albion's soundscape" over the last 100 years or so. The book examines the links in the chain of folk music-making from Cecil Sharp and Ralph Vaughan Williams through to the present day. The spirit of Sumer is Icumen In resonates still through the work of contemporary chroniclers of people and the land in song: artists such as Alasdair Roberts, Candidate, Gravenhurst, The Memory Band, The Owl Service and Tuung who offer a left-field take on the folk genre, often with a Wicker Man inspired coda of magic and mystery lurking in the shady corners of the familiar. Even that most archetypically traditional of rural pursuits, morris dancing, has been reappraised and reappropriated, its combination of deep rootedness and inner strangeness empathetically exposed in Tim Plester's documentary, Way of the Morris (2011). A theme given wider kaleidoscopic exposure in the BFI's collection of rural ritual, rights and custom, Here's a Health to the Barley Mow (2011). Further up the left-field lane from here is the arcane crate-digging of the likes of Finders Keepers Records, Ghost Box and English Heretic, delivering obscure, esoteric and downright pagan sounds of the countryside to a wider audience. This would be a dull world indeed without the likes of The Wiccan Circle by concretism to stir our folkloric loins:

One of the few artists to take these themes out of the confines of the folk idiom and present them in an intelligent and complex way lyrically is PJ Harvey, particularly on her last two albums, the much lauded Let England Shake (2011), which reflected on land, national identity and England's martial past and present, and its predecessor, White Chalk (2007), a more personal meditation on her home county of Dorset. Let England Shake has added interest due to the series of films made by Seamus Murphy to accompany each of the songs, a collage of the strange and diverse people and places of this land.

Julian Cope could not be described as a 'folkie', more of a psychedelic explorer; as musically out there as anyone, but also on a one-man pagan odyssey to explore the sites and monuments of prehistoric Britain: "Simultaneously embodying rock's righteous conscience and furious rites, Cope's redrawing of Albion fuses the passion of the antiquarian with the experimental spirit of rock, couched in a powerful advocacy for the primacy of land and freedom" (Rob Young). And this passion led to his magnum opus, The Modern Antiquarian (1998), a gazetteer to over 300 megalithic sites across the British Isles. Cope has now also branched out into literature and in 2014 brought out his first novel, One Three One: A Time-Shifting Gnostic Hooligan Road Novel; probably unclassifiable but perhaps best described as a rock and roll psychogeographical odyssey. What artists such as Cope and Harvey demonstrate is that the different creative disciplines - art, film, music and sound, poetry and so on - are being increasingly combined to provide multi-dimentional responses to places and landscapes. Film-maker Ben Wheatley has been responsible for some of the most arresting recent results of this melange, particularly his 2013 English Civil War set film A Field in England, a swirling psychedelic work based on the occult topography of rural England, tapping into Witchfinder General and Winstanley territory.

Conceptual artist Jeremy Deller's multi-media exhibition English Magic also personifies this approach. Interestingly, Deller entitled a 2013 lecture on his work "I am not an archaeologist" and this leads to a subject of some puzzlement to me (though it may not preoccupy the thoughts of many others). The vibrant and intense feeling for landscape and the stories that seep in and out of it that have been described so far are curiously muted in a subject that should be at the very heart of this argument: landscape archaeology and history (as pleasant as it is, Time Team is not really the vibe that I'm trying to promote here). Given that the landscape is a topographical treasury of the relict features of everyday human activity this is strange indeed. Thankfully there are signs of change afoot. I would particularly advocate Ideas of Landscape (2007) by Matthew Johnson, an accessible but stimulating run through of the key concepts, theories and philosophies of landscape in Western thought. A book about theoretical ideas that's a page turner. Like Chrisopher Tilley's A Phenomenology of Landscape (1994) and An Archaeology of Natural Places (2000) by Richard Bradley, Johnson's work challenges existing orthodoxies and seems more catholic and eclectic in approach than the generally quite insular and formulaic focus that characterises the study of the archaeology and history of landscape in its maintstream academic and amateur incarnations. The same can be said for Richard Jones and Mark Page's Medieval Villages in an English Landscape (2006), Nicola Whyte's Inhabiting the Landscape: Place, Custom and Memory, 1500-1800 (2009), the bi-annual Landscapesjournal, the work of Tom Williamson and the Landscape Group at UEA and the English Language and Identitiesproject. However, lacking here is the popular exposure and recognition of new nature writing or the zeitgeist buzz of psychogeography; this is an on-going missed opportunity, as landscape history should be inextricably linked to the prevailing discourse outlined here. 

More generally the somewhat hackneyed concept of 'heritage' is ripe for reappraisal and subversion. I particularly warm, for instance, to the concept of counter-tourism: a philosophy, rooted in performance art, that seeks to redefine how we interact and engage with heritage sites and attractions by means of A pocketbook identifying "50 odd things to do in a heritage site": "A book to take with you next time you visit a historic or heritage site. Its 50 'tactics' are designed to transform the way you look at these places and to get you thinking about the way the industry packages 'heritage'".

Unearthing the commonality between many of these notionally disparate territories has certainly been a core undertaking of the landscapism that fires this blog. Whilst touring and investigating, scouting and prospecting, I have come across many other blogs and web sites that are also engaging with diverse landscape-related subject matter in interesting ways; helping to root and embed an all-embracing philosophy. I try and keep pace with this vastness, to catalogue the ever-expanding provinces and dominions of word and image, in the Exploring the Landscape gazetteer of landscape on the web. There are too many to shout out for here, but a fairly random but representative sample might include:

A Year In The Country

East of Elvedon

Lines of Landscape

Modern Lives, Modern Landscapes

Outlandish Knight

Psychedelic Folklorist

Ramblanista

Richly Evocative

Some Landscapes

The Fife Psychogeography Collective

The Printed Land

Unofficial Britain

Whistles In The Wind

The last of which included a post in 2013 entitled After London: Dreaming Wild England which became one of the inspirations, long gestated, for this piece.

For how hard it is/ to understand the landscape/ as you pass in a train/ from here to there/ and mutely it/ watches you vanish. W.G. Sebald


The philosophical, artistic and cultural convergences outlined above offer a corrective to easy tropes such as ‘landscape as palimpsest’: the concept of an orderly, layered history of temporal stratification, each successor wave of change wiping clean the earlier canvass, leaving only relict features of what went before. In fact, landscape is relentlessly unruly, more muddled and haphazard juxtaposition than ordered linear succession. It will not behave, even when we try to manage and mould it, to bend it to our will. Nor should landscape be seen simply in terms of the visible present-day and historical topography. It is also immersed in a soup of past realities, memories and myths, what Iain Sinclair has termed “fictions of memory”. Taking this idea further Doreen Massey has described landscape as “… a multiplicity of trajectories”; connected and unconnected stories that “… are not buried in a layered past, but are bursting through to speak to us now. They are on-going, unfinished stories that, in their unfinishedness address our today”. Given this multi-faceted context our responses to landscape need to mirror this compexity. To this end Robert Macfarlane's expansive and fluid definition of landscape in The Old Ways (2012) blows away the cobwebs of received wisdom and tired orthodoxy, and is worth repeating as it eloquently accords with what is articulated here:

"Landscape is not something to be viewed and appraised from a distance, as if it were a panel in a frieze or a canvas in a frame. It is not the passive object of our gaze, but rather a volatile participant - a fellow subject which arches and bristles at us, bristles into us...it is dynamic and commotion causing, it sculpts and shapes us not only over the courses of our lives but also instant by instant, incident by incident. I prefer to take 'landscape' as a collective term for the temperature and pressure of the air, the fall of light and its rebounds, the textures and surfaces of rock, soil and building, the sounds, the scents and uncountable other transitory phenomena and atmospheres that together comprise the bristling presence of a particular place at a particular moment."

 If its easy for connections with a past sense of place to be loosened, frayed or severed - by the sheer onslaught and wash of constantly reinvented technology, of yet wider though somehow shrunken horizons - then the essaying of a new landscapism is surely a positive reaction that demands to be heard. Moreover, at a time when old certainties - the myopic capitalist model of a property owning, consumer society; the resilience of our archaic political models - seem to be in the midst of a long teeter, which may lead to a (perhaps sudden) fall, new ways of seeing and feeling the landscape around us are likely to surface. Maybe we will find that the infrastructure of capital that seems so omnipresent, so burgeoning, is as ephemeral as all that came before; ruination beckons, the Detroit-like fall of our urban culture a heartbeat away. Perhaps re-enchantment awaits even those distribution silos, those motorway junctions, those retail parks of our nightmares.

In my orbit of landscape discourse it feels like there are many who see a new world rising out of the - often half-forgotten or mis-represented - memories and realities (real, imagined and co-opted) of terrains and places, like Milton's vision of Creation in Paradise Lost or, to get even more Biblical, the righteousness of the Book of Revelation: "Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth". An alternative to the contemporaneous emptiness of the path towards plastic lives in a seemingly homogenised, 'Globalised' world. At once both spiritual, esoteric and felt, and grounded, fabricated and everyday but no less magical for that; for as Jonathan Meades has clarion-called, “We are surrounded by the greatest of free shows. Places. Most of them made by man, remade by man”. 

A re-imagined sense of landscape and place is needed to underwrite fresh responses to the world around us. The promiscuous, easy navigation across boundaries and borders that is the key touchstone of this analysis might just be what is required. A final riff of connections as illustration. A seemingly nostalgic and escapist retreat to the twilight inter-war world of the 1976 film adaptation of Geoffrey Household's Rogue Male (Peter O'Toole reprising TE Lawrence as an old school adventurer hiding out from the Nazis in his overgrown Dorset holloway) could lead seamlessly to - and was part inspiration for - Robert Macfarlane's book Holloway, which has begot a forthcoming short film by folk horror champion Adam Scovell (Celluloid Wicker Man) and is illustrated by Stanley Donwood, album cover designer for Radiohead and Tom Yorke; which takes us up to Harrowdown Hill (sylvan scene of the tragic death of David Kelly):

This video sparks thoughts of M.R. James'A View From A Hill (another scene of a hanging; and an album title for The Owl Service) juxtaposed with Patrick Keiller mapping of the 21st century geographical and political landscape through his The Robinson Institute work and the aforementioned English Magic exhibition curated by Jeremy Deller. An obvious companion piece here is the fundamental and wide-ranging analysis of the new English landscape outlined in Doreen Massey's Landscape/space/politics: an essay. From Boys Own adventure to socio-political critique in eight easy moves, covering much diverse ground on the way. Now that, surely, is what a fecund and vibrant sense of landscape should be all about; especially for those who wish to follow Robert Frost's maxim in his celebrated poem The Road Not Taken: 

"Two roads diverged in a wood, and I - I took the one less travelled by, and this has made all the difference".  

Postscript: As already mentioned, nothing is new. The Roman altar pictured, recovered near the Antonine Wall bares the inscription GENIO TERRAE BRITANNICAE, translated as "to the presiding spirit of the British countryside". These three Latin words, whispers in the wind across two millennia, encapsulate all that has been described here. If this sentiment spoke to people's relationship with their landscape then, it is surely even more important now and for the future to keep this spirit alive.

References

Ackroyd, P, 2002. Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination. Chatto & Windus.

Caught by the River (Eds.), 2011. On Nature: Unexpected Ramblings on the British Countryside. Collins.

Chell, E, 2013. Soft Estate. The Bluecoat. 

Coverley, M, 2006. Psychogeography. Pocket Essentials.

Evans, G, Fowler, W & Sandhu, S (Eds.), 2014. The Edge is Where the Centre Is: David Rudkin and Penda's Fen - A Conversation. Texte and Tone.

Herzog, W, 1991. Of Walking in Ice. Jonathan Cape.

Highet, G, 1957. Poets in the Landscape. Alfred A Knopf.

Hollis, M, 2011. Now All Roads Lead to France: The Last Years of Edward Thomas. Faber and Faber.

Hoskins, W, 1985. The Making of the English Landscape. Penguin.

Johnson, M, 2007. Ideas of Landscape. Blackwell.

Kingsnorth, P, 2008. Real England: The Battle Against the Bland. Portobello.

Macfarlane, R, 2012. The Old Ways. Hamish Hamilton.

Machen, A, 2010. The Great God Pan. The Library of Wales.

Mabey, R, 2008. Nature Cure. Vintage.

Massey, D, 2011. Landscape/ space/ politics: An essay https://thefutureoflandscape.wordpress.com/landscapespacepolitics-an-essay/

Meades, J, 2013. Museum Without Walls. Unbound.

Milne, C, 1982. The Hollow On the Hill. Methuen.

Rousseau, J-J, 2004. Reveries of a Solitary Walker. Penguin.

Sebald, W, 1998. The Rings of Saturn. The Harvill Press.

Shama, S, 1996. Landscape and Memory. Fontana.

Thomas, E, 1980. A Literary Pilgrim in England. Oxford University Press.

Watkins, A, 2014. The Old Straight Track: Its Mounds, Beacons, Moats, Sites and Mark Stones. Head of Zeus.

Williams, R, 2011. The Country and the City. Spokesman.

Worpole, K & Orton, J, 2013. The New English Landscape. Field Station.

Young, R, 2010. Electric Eden: Unearthing Britain's Visionary Music. Faber and Faber.

Young, R, 2012. Requiem for a Village: Cinema of the Anti-Scrape in BFI DVD booklet. BFI.